Dear Future Architects of Los Angeles and Orange County:
USC lecture on ARE Architectural Registration Exam on Construction Document and Services
Here is the full lecture on Construction Documents and Services.
Study hard and pass the test.
Study everything.
Saum
Architects and Designers,
Be prepared and design the building with the new code in mind.
It will be a mojoe loss of time, if you receive a plan check comments that all designs must be changes.
As always email all your questions. Here is the Hyperlink for the lecture.
PS: Happy New Year
Architects and Designers,
Even though the Title 24 adoption was extended to July 1st of 2014, CalGreen Code will be live and well on your door step.
Get ready.
Here is the Lecture series provided at AIA.OC…. Read and as always ask questions.
Saum 9 11 2013 NFPA 99 ASPE LA OC Symposium
Attached is the presentation of NFPA 99- 2012 with multiple angles and dimensions.
A. NFPA 99 now it is code
B. NFPA 99 is now based on Risk Category
C. Changes into NFPA 99 are massive.
D. All AHJ’s due to lack of understanding of NFPA 99 they are confused.
E. No one know what to check and who to check.
F. No uniformities in jurisdictions
G. It is required to have ASPE and Jurisdictions to have a global meeting.
H. Stakeholders: Engineers, Fire Departments, Building Officials, Med Gas Installers, and Equipment Manufacturers
I. ….
Enjoy the Article
Please Email comments.
Saum
Attached is the CDS- USC lecture.
Please email your questions.
Construction Documents and services are 8 24 2013
Good Luck in your Exams
“The Battle of”
Medical Gas, NFPA 99 and Plumbing Codes
Introduction
If you study chemistry and matters, you will easily bump into these chapters in the book that deals with intra and intermolecular forces with gases, the gas laws (Ideal, Charles, and Boyle, Avagadro), the density, the Dalton’s law of partial pressure, grahams’ law of diffusion and effusion.
Without taking the reader to a four month Journey in Chemistry, the basics needed to understand NFPA 99 and Plumbing Codes.
Fundamentals of Gas Laws
On earth the matter is subdivided into three categories, solids, with fixed volume and weight occupying known boundaries, the liquid, where the boundaries must be contain in an open container, and gas, where the boundaries are defined within a closed container.
The Gas Laws
The nature of gas can be determined with a simple gas law. We need to assume that gases are ideal and not “real”.
Ideal Gases
Based in ideal gas assumption, the following properties.
The property of gases are simple: Temperature, T (Kelvin), volume, V, and pressure, P. Based on quantity (n=number of moles). A reference STP stands for Standard temperature and pressure at 273 degrees K (or zero degree Celsius) and one atmosphere.
In an Ideal gas law, the equation can be written as:
PV=nRT
P is the absolute gauge pressure, T is in Kelvin, n is the number of molecules, R is a constant, and V is the volume.
Pressure:
Measuring the Pressure of a Gas
Gas pressure is a gauge of the number and force of collisions between gas particles and the walls of the container that holds them. The SI unit for pressure is the pascal Pa), but other pressure terms include atmospheres atms), millimeters of mercury (mmHg), and torr. The following is a list of all of the standard pressure in every unit for pressure. Memorize these for the exam so you can convert units where necessary:
760 mmHg
760 torr
1.00 atm
101,325 Pa
101.325 kPa
The piece of lab equipment specifically designed to measure the pressure of gases is known as the barometer. A barometer uses the height of a column of mercury to measure gas pressure in millimeters of mercury or torr (1 mmHg = 1 torr). The mercury is pushed up the tube from the dish until the pressure at the bottom of the tube (due to the mass of the mercury) is balanced by the atmospheric pressure.
When using a barometer, you calculate gas pressure with the following equation:
Gas pressure = atmospheric pressure – h (height of the mercury)
The open-tube manometer is another device that can be used to measure pressure. The open-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure of a gas in a container.
The pressure of the gas is given by h (the difference in mercury levels) in units of torr or mmHg. Atmospheric pressure pushes on the mercury from one direction, and the gas in the container pushes from the other direction. In a manometer, since the gas in the bulb is pushing more than the atmospheric pressure, you add the atmospheric pressure to the height difference:
gas pressure = atmospheric pressure + h
There is one other possibility for a manometer question that could appear on the SAT II Chemistry test: they could ask you about a closed-tube manometer. Closed-tube manometers look similar to regular manometers except that the end that’s open to the atmospheric pressure in a regular manometer is sealed and contains a vacuum. In these systems, the difference in mercury levels (in mmHg) is equal to the pressure in torr.
Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s law is simply when in an experiment the temperature and number of molecules are constant, where the ideal gas law equation is simplified to:
PV = Constant. Boyles’ Law
As the pressure increases, the volume reduces and as the volume increases, the pressure decreases. This inverse proportionality of pressure and volume is known as Boyles Law. In an enclosed balloon, as the volume increases, the pressure decreases.
Boyles law between two states can be written as:
P1V1= P2V2 Boyles’ Law
Where the 1 and 2 identifies the properties of gas in state 1 and in state 2.
Charles’s Law
Charles’s law is similar to Boyles law where one property remains constant, the pressure and number of molecules. Ideal gas law equation reduces to:
V/T= Constant Charles’ Law
In Charles’ law the relation between the temperature and volume is directly proportional. That is if temperature increases, the volume will increase. The ideal gas law between two gas state becomes:
V1/T1= V2/T2 Charles’ Law
Medical Gas
Types of Medical Gases are based on their use: To Heal or therapeutic gases, To Experiment or laboratory gases, and To Surgery or anesthesia
The methods of creating gases are different from products to products, for example for oxygen production, methods to Manufacture O₂ are:
A Comprehensive table for Medical Gas piping:
|
Medical Gas and Fluid |
||||||||
| Gas | Color/ Pressure | Odor | Taste | Chemical Composition | flammable | Application, minimum flow rate: Note 1- Any room designed for a permanently located respiratory ventilator or anesthesia machine shall have an outlet capable of a flow rate of 180 LPM (6.36 CFM) at the station outlet. | Color | |
| Air (AIR), Medical Air, Med Air | Colorless 50–55 psi | Odorless | Tasteless | 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% trace elements. | .71 CFM per outlet1 | yellow/black | ||
| Oxygen (O₂) | Colorless 50–55 psi | Odorless | Tasteless | 21% of the earth’s atmosphere; Liquid oxygen exists at cryogenic temperature, -300ºF at atmospheric pressure. When warmed expand to fill a volume 860 times its liquid volume. | not flammable but does support combustion | respiratory therapy and anesthesia, .71 CFM per outlet1 (20 LPM) | Green/white or white/green | |
| Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) | Colorless 50–55 psi | Odorless | Tasteless | does not support combustion or life. | Occasionally used for surgical procedures and laboratory applications, 0.71 CFM per outlet1 | Gray/black or gray/white | ||
| Helium (He) | Colorless 50–55 psi | Odorless | Tasteless | heliox in a 80/20 or a 70/30 mixture | .71 CFM per outlet |
Brown/ white |
||
| Nitrogen (N2) | Colorless 160–185 psi | Odorless | Tasteless | 78% of the earth’s atmosphere | pipe joining and pressure testing purposes, to power instruments, 15 CFM (0.42 m3/min.) free air per outlet | Black/white | ||
| Nitric Oxide (NO) | Colorless 50 55 psi | Faint Odor | Faint Taste | a vasodilator and used more in the neonatal unit | black/ White | |||
| Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)/Oxide of Nitrogen | Colorless / 50 to 60 psig | Odorless/
“sweetish” smell |
Tasteless | Exists as a gas at atmospheric conditions | used as an anesthetic, Capable of producing the first and second stages of anesthesia when inhaled, Oxygen is released under conditions of combustion, creating an oxygen-enriched atmosphere, .71 CFM per outlet | light blue | ||
| Oxygen/carbon dioxide mixture O2CO2n (n is % of CO2) | 50-55 psi | Green/white | ||||||
| Waste Anesthesia Gas Disposal (WAGD) | as “scavenging” or” evacuation | capture and carry away gases vented from the patient breathing circuit during the normal operation of gas anesthesia or analgesia equipment; can be connected to the medical surgical vacuum system under certain conditions but discouraged. | Violet/white | |||||
| Medical Air (MA) |
|
|
Medical air is supplied from cylinders, bulk containers, medical air compressors and treatment equipment, or has been reconstituted from oxygen and nitrogen; Exclusively used for human respiration or calibration of devices for respiratory application; Primarily used for respiratory therapy; Hydrocarbon carryover from the compressor poses a threat to the end user and increases the risk of fire especially when mixed with oxygen; A medical air compressor is designed to exclude oil from the airstream and compression chamber and that does not under normal operating conditions, or any single fault, add any toxic or flammable contaminants to the compressed air. | |||||
| Instrument Air (IA) | 200 psig | Substitute for nitrogen for powering instruments unrelated to human; | respiration (surgical tools, ceiling arms, etc.); Medical air and instrument air are distinct systems for mutually exclusive applications. | |||||
| Medical Vacuum (MV) | 15″ to 30” Hg | An assembly of central vacuum producing equipment and a network of piping for patient suction in medical, medical-surgical, and waste anesthetic gas disposal(WAGD) applications | Primarily used for patient treatment in surgery, recovery, and ICU to remove fluids and aid in drainage.1 SCFM (0.03 sm3/min.) per inlet. For testing and certification purposes, individual station inlets shall be capable of a flow rate of 3 SCFM, while maintaining a system pressure of not less than 12 inches (305 mm) at the nearest adjacent vacuum inlet. | White/black | ||||
| Nonmedical air (level 3 gas-powered device) | Yellow-and-white diagonal stripe/black | |||||||
| Nonmedical and Level 3 vacuum | White-and-black diagonal stripe/black boxed | |||||||
| Laboratory air | Yellow-and-white checkerboard/black | |||||||
| Laboratory vacuum | White-and-black checkerboard/black boxed | |||||||
| Other mixtures | Gas A%/ Gas B% | Colors as above Major gas for background/ minor gas for text | ||||||
| Instrument air | 160–185 psi | Red/white | ||||||
|
OSHPD Facilities |
|
| OSHPD 1 | General acute-care hospitals and skilled nursing and/or intermediate-care facilities |
| OSHPD 2 | Single-story skilled nursing and/or intermediate-care facilities utilizing type V wood or light steel-frame construction |
| OSHPD 3 | Licensed clinics |
| OSHPD 4 | Correctional treatment centers |
For the discussion for this article, we are only interested on OSHPD 3 facilities. These facilities are now under jurisdiction of local authorities. The most confusing area is that who is in charge? Who controls this facilities design and construction?
The other standard is written by National Fire Protection Association, NFPA99. In this standard which in near future will be considered as code, the gases used in medical industry are subdivided into three categories for 2005 and four in 2012. The categories are based on level of injuries or death that is caused during the operations:
|
NFPA99- 2005 |
Gas and Vacuum Systems | |
| Level 1 | “System serving patients where an interruption of the piped gas or vacuum system would place patients in imminent danger of morbidity or mortality.” In other words, Facilities where an interruption of the piped systems would place the patients in immediate danger of morbidity or mortality. This is usually limited to hospitals where patients are dependent for life on the gases or where mechanical ventilation is utilized at any time. |
Section 5.1 |
| Level 2 | “Interruption of system would place patient at manageable risk of morbidity or mortality.” In other words: Facilities where an interruption in the piped systems would place the patients at manageable risk of morbidity or mortality. This is limited to facilities that stand apart from hospitals, are not interconnected to hospital medical gases, and the patients do not require mechanical ventilation or assisted mechanical ventilation, including during anesthesia |
Section 5.2 |
| Level 3 | Interruption of system would terminate procedure but would not put patient at risk.” Facilities where interruptions in the piped systems would terminate procedures but would not place the patients at risk of morbidity or mortality. The facility’s total quantity of gases, except nitrogen, does not exceed 3,000 cubic feet, and only cylinders are used to supply oxygen and nitrous oxide to the facility (exception for cryogenic liquid oxygen). This is usually limited to occupancies like dental offices. |
Section 5.3 |
| Level 4 | In NFPA 2012 not in 2005 | |
The Other code is the Uniform Plumbing Code, Chapter 13 that controls the medical gas design and installation.
|
Table 13-3 MINIMUM OUTLETS/INLETS PER STATION |
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|
LOCATION |
OXYGEN |
MEDICAL |
MEDICAL |
NITROUS |
NITROGEN |
HELIUM |
CARBON |
|
|
VACUUM |
AIR |
OXIDE |
DIOXIDE |
|||||
| 4. Vacuum inlets required are in addition to any inlets used as part of a scavenging system for removal of anesthetizing gases. | ||||||||
| Patient rooms for medical/surgical, obstetrics, and pediatrics | 1/bed | 1/bed | 1/bed | — | — | — | — | |
| Examination/treatment for nursing units | 1/bed | 1/bed | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intensive care (all) | 3/bed | 3/bed | 2/bed | — | — | — | — | |
| Nursery- Includes pediatric nursery. | 2/bed | 2/bed | 1/bed | — | — | — | — | |
| General operating rooms | 2/room | 3/room4 | 2/room | 1/room | 1/room | — | — | |
| Cytoscopic and invasive special procedures | 2/room | 3/room4 | 2/room | — | — | — | — | |
| Recovery delivery and labor/delivery/recovery rooms- Includes obstetric recovery. | 2/bed | 2/bed | 1/bed | — | — | — | — | |
| 2/room | 3/room4 | 1/room | ||||||
| Labor rooms | 1/bed | 1/bed | 1/bed | — | — | — | — | |
| First aid and emergency treatment- Emergency trauma rooms used for surgical procedures shall be classified as general operating rooms. | 1/bed | 1/bed4 | 1/bed | — | — | — | — | |
| Autopsy | — | 1/station | 1/station | — | — | — | — | |
| Anesthesia workroom | 1/station | — | 1/station | — | — | — | — | |
|
TABLE 13-5 OUTLET RATING FOR VACUUM PIPING SYSTEMS |
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|
|
FREE-AIR ALLOWANCE, EXPRESSED AS CFM (LPM) AT 1 ATMOSPHERE |
ZONE ALLOWANCES CORRIDORS-RISERS MAIN SUPPLY LINE-VALVES |
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|
LOCATION OF MEDICAL-SURGICAL VACUUM OUTLETS |
PER ROOM |
PER OUTLET |
SIMULTANEOUS USAGE, FACTOR PERCENT |
AIR TO BE TRANSPORTED CFM (LPM)- Free air at 1 atmosphere |
| Operating Rooms | ||||
| Major “A” (Radical, Open Heart) |
3.5 (99.1) |
– |
100 |
3.5 (99.1) |
| (Organ Transplant) |
3.5 (99.1) |
– |
100 |
3.5 (99.1) |
| (Radical Thoracic) |
3.5 (99.1) |
– |
100 |
3.5 (99.1) |
| Major “B”(All Other Major ORs) |
2.0 (56.6) |
– |
100 |
2.0 (56.6) |
| Minor |
1.0 (28.3) |
– |
100 |
1.0 (28.3) |
| Delivery Rooms |
1.0 (28.3) |
– |
100 |
1.0 (28.3) |
| Recovery Rooms (Post-Anesthesia) and Intensive Care Units (a minimum of 2 outlets per bed in each such department) | ||||
| 1st outlet at each bed |
– |
3.0 (85.0) |
50 |
1.5 (42.5) |
| 2nd outlet at each bed |
– |
1.0 (28.3) |
50 |
0.5 (14.2) |
| 3rd outlet at each bed |
– |
1.0 (28.3) |
10 |
0.1 (2.8) |
| All others at each bed |
– |
1.0 (28.3) |
10 |
0.1 (2.8) |
| Emergency Rooms |
– |
1.0 (28.3) |
100 |
1.0 (28.3) |
| Patient Rooms | ||||
| Surgical |
– |
1.0 (28.3) |
50 |
0.5 (14.2) |
| Medical |
– |
1.0 (28.3) |
10 |
0.1 (2.8) |
| Nurseries |
– |
1.0 (28.3) |
10 |
0.1 (2.8) |
| Treatment and Examining Rooms |
– |
0.5 (14.2) |
10 |
0.05 (1.4) |
| Autopsy Area |
– |
2.0 (56.6) |
20 |
0.4 (11.3) |
| Inhalation Therapy, Central Supply and Instructional Areas |
– |
1.0 (28.3) |
10 |
0.1 (2.8) |